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Knowing how to do it without the tool
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Knowing how to do it without the tool
The disarmed cockpit: the danger of forgetting how to do it manually
16 October 2026
Operational judgement atrophy is the progressive deterioration of an organisation’s analytical, intuitive and manual competence through sustained delegation to automated interfaces, depriving human decision-makers of the practical ability to check
Knowing how to do it without the tool
The skill paradox: what aviation and medicine teach us about analytical automation
24 September 2026
In 1983, the cognitive psychologist Lisanne Bainbridge published a foundational paper titled Ironies of Automation. Its main conclusion captured a contradiction inherent in the design of technical systems: by automating